economic development - future of developing countries

Economic development - future of developing countries

Economic development is increase in standard of living in a nation population with sustained growth from simple, low income economy to modern high- income economy. Also if the local quality of life could be improved, economic development would be enhanced. It scope includes the process and policies by which a nation improves the economic political and social well being of people.

Developing country is a term generally used to describe a nation with lower level of material well being. Since  no single definition of term developing countries is recognized internationally the levels of development may vary widely within so called developing countries. Some developing countries have high average standard of living.

New research proves long held expectation that human capital formation (  a populations ,education and health status) play significant role in a country economic growth.

 Education and development

Investment in secondary education provides a clear boost to economic development, much more than can be achieved by  universal primary education alone. Hence present focus of United Nations Millennium development goals on universal primary education is important but in sufficient. 

Only broad based secondary education and universal primary education is likely to give poor countries the human capital boost necessary to bring large segment of population out of poverty. For more industrialized countries tertiary education of younger adults  also plays a key role in economic growth.

For international policy makers, more and better education should become top priority because it empowers the people to help themselves and thus helps to improve governance and to reduce corruption. A concerted national and international forces would appear to be the most promising route out of poverty and towards sustainable development.

World bank and developing countries

Two things are striking about world bank’s report on out look for global economy in 2011. The first is that activity in most developing countries has recovered from deep crises of 2008-2009.

The second more important message, is that this part of clear trend that will see economic power  move from west to east over next 20 or 30 years. On the current trends the clock will be turned back to the  days before the industrial revolution, when China and India by virtue of their huge populations- were biggest economies in the world.

A quick look at what  world bank expects in 2011 illustrates the point. Growth in developed world is likely to remain sluggish at 2.4 % . While developing countries are forecast to grow by 6 %. Although  the emerging market countries account for only 25 % of global G.D.P., in 2011 they will account for almost half of global growth.

In one year alone, this sort of growth disparity makes little difference to big gap between rich and poor nations. But compounded over three or four decades, it matters a lot. Work  by John Haws worth chief economist at PWC has shown that current G 7 ( U.S. , U.K. , Germany , France , Japan, Italy Canada ) will be challenged an E  ( Emerging) 7 of China, India , Russia , Brazil , Mexico, Turkey and Indonesia. These countries will benefit from economic catch up low labor cost, technology transfer and population growth.

In one sense, the prospect of rising incomes in large chunks of developing world is good news, especially since solid growth in emerging  markets includes poorest countries of all in sub-Saharan Africa. Stronger growth will help reduce poverty and of course provide markets for western goods .

Growing economies , rising problems

The rise of developing countries is transforming to global economy. Whereas for bulk of world population economic stagnation has been the rule over  millennium today’s economic growth is unprecedented. More countries - more people- more qualified technical people are achieving rapid income growth than ever before , and developing countries are rising in the ranks of world largest economies.

The rise of these developing countries economies will reshape the world global economy. G.D.P  projections for G20 nations -based on anticipated labor skill force growth, rate of investment and speed of technological change-indicate that  global economy will more than triple in size by 2050.

China , United States  and India in that order will emerge as  largest economies and more than seven largest  economies will be drawn from today’s developing countries. More than 600 million people will emerge from poverty in G20 alone, and an economically influential global middle class and rich class will rise around the world more than half located in developing countries.

Though developing countries will come to dominate the global economy they will remain relatively poor. By 2050 China’ s  per capita income will be only 37 % of U.S. level and India just 11 %  at market exchange at market exchange rates. This dislocation between economic wealth and size will complicate the ability to reach international economic agreements, as relatively poor countries with growing influence are likely to have different perspectives on many issues from advanced countries. International institutions  will need to adopt to reflect the emerging power relationships or gradually become marginalized. The recent promotion of G20 over G8 is just one signal that power shift has already began.

But this rapid progress is far from assured. The rise of the developing world will generate severe threats- from awaking the geopolitical tensions associated with great power transits to increasing risk of financial crisis, and protectionist backlash. Higher living standards have already increased carbon emissions and heightened the potential environmental disaster. The rise of developing countries has made  global co-operation to cope up with all these issues more difficult. Copenhagen offers good examples. Mean while, the multilateral frame works to facilitate it appear in capable of handling present challenges, not  to mention the bigger ones to com.

Developing countries will dominate global trade. Their share of global exports will rise  30 % to day to 70 % in 2050. Developing countries will become relatively less important as markets, developing countries will become the most important markets for developed countries and trade among developing countries will grow. The comparative   advantages among developing countries will shift, with Africa potentially taking place of countries like China and India in low wage manufacturers. For example other African countries will join Mauritius and South Africa as  sources of manufactured exports.

Rise of developing countries will also present far reaching opportunities in international finance. As their income rise , firms  and individuals there will take advantage of international markets, while investors in advanced countries pounce on the opportunities their growth affords . However the institutions and policy frame  works under pinning financial stability in developing countries are even less adequate than those of advanced countries and developing are intrinsically more subject to volatility.


Therefore more than trade, the rising weight of developing countries in finance will increase the potential for extremely costing systematic crises.

disability, privtization, india - economic reforms, international development

Disability, privatization India economic reforms international development

WHO  and  world organizations on 9-6-2011 revealed new global estimates that  more than one billion people experience some form of disability. They urged governments to step up efforts to enable access to main steam services and to invest in specialized programs to unlock the vast potential of people with disabilities. The first ever world report on disability, produced jointly WHO and world bank, suggests  that more than a billion people in the world today experience disability.

People with disabilities have generally poor health, lower educational achievement, fewer opportunities and higher rates of poverty than people without disabilities. This largely due to lack services available to them and many obstacles they face in their everyday lives. The report provides the best available evidence about what works to over come barriers to health care, rehabilitation, education, employment, and support services, and to create the environments which will enable people with disabilities to flourish. The report ends with a concrete set of recommended actions for governments and their partners

The pioneering world report on disability will make a significant contribution to implementation of convention on rights persons with disability.

At the intersection of public health, human rights and developments report  is set to become a “must have” resources for policy makers, service providers, professional and advocates for people with disabilities and their families.

India lacks effective financing for disabled people.

Millions of disabled people in India drawn from poorest sections of society receive pittance from governments social welfare budget as compared to billion of rupees granted to cricket and corporate sector though generous fiscal sops , a report.

In India 2005-2006 the spending on welfare of people with disabilities-which focused on support national disability institutions, non-governmental organization providing services and spending on assisted device-represented 0.05 percent of ministry of social justice and welfare allocations, PTI reported quoting the new report jointly released on Friday by world health organization and the world bank.

The lack of effective financing for support or its distribution within a country -is a major obstacle to sustainable services says report on “ world disability “ .

It said that India which grants billions of rupees to cricket and corporate sector through  generous fiscal sops, has a huge number of disabled people to invest sufficient funding and expertise to unlock their vast potential.

“ More than one billion people are estimated to live with some form of disability” the report says  calling on governments to scale up the assistance for disabled people so to provide access to main steam services and unlock the vast potential.    Consequently , the disabled people have lower educational achievements, reduced economic perspiration, higher rate of poverty , and increased dependency and restricted participation.

“We must do more to break the barriers which segregate people with disabilities, in many cases forcing them to the margins of society” said Margaret Chan WHO director general .

Part of problem in India , says the report, is lack of co-ordination between different NGOs or agencies that serve different groups of impaired people.

It says the national trust , Act which created due to sustain campaign for the rights disabled people has produced collaboration among a range of NGOs.

However the governments has to do much more in term of tackling several disabilities , particularly leprosy as home to 2/3rd of worlds people effected by leprosy .

Besides ,India has the highest number of people suffering from non- communicable chronic diseases, mental dis orders , cancer, and respiratory illness that profound effect on disability.

“We have a moral duty to remove barriers to participate for people with disability, and to invest  sufficient funding and expertise to unlock that vast potential “ says Prof. Stephen Hawking renowned theoretical physicist who suffers from major disability.

Disability , privatization , India economic reforms , international development.

People with disabilities are one of most disenfranchised groups in India. Standardized measurements of disability in India  and internationally have over looked the linkages between economy and disability. In recent decades, neo- liberal economic reforms imposed in developing countries, under pressure from international financial institutions, have downsized state role, privatized social goods, and encouraged export -led strategies and market based economic. India economic reforms, initiated 1991, have led rapid economic growth, that is however increasing Mal-distributed.

This paper investigates the implications of economic restructuring in area of social programs, education, employment accessibility health, agriculture and food security and water and land acquisition from disability perspective. Our analysis shows that while increased employment opportunities and accessibility have benefited middle class and highly skilled disabled persons, majority of people with disabilities have left out of Indian economic affluence. We contend that India  globalized economy and reduced state role necessitate renewed understandings of human rights, including disability rights.

Introduction

Recent estimates suggests 85-90 % of  global population of persons with disability reside in so called developing countries. The united nation estimated that more than 1.3 billion people live in object poverty in global south, 600 million of which are disabled ( Yeo 2005). This majority people with disabilities in south are not only poor, but they are among the poorest of poor. In India there are no clear estimates of the number people with disabilities. Concern persist that given the stigma surrounding disability, may individual with severe impairments, mainly women and rural disabled are excluded from census and surveys (Jeffrey& Sugal  2008).

Moreover  large scale government studies as well as most small scale research in India has over looked the impact of economic globalization in the form of changing roles of state and market on the lives of people with disabilities. The hype about India’s  recent economic growth of secures the livid realities of spiraling in equality, the declining  welfare of state, and growing misery of poor.

As states with draws from service sector access basic necessities such as education, health employment , food and water security has become increasingly difficult for vulnerable populations ( Bahadur 2008) little critical analysis of economic globalization and  privatization exists from disability rights perspective.
Measuring disability in India
Estimating  the prevalence of disability in India has been hampered by complex and multitudinous factors . Deep seated social stigma results in the exclusion and invisibility  of individuals with disability. The lack of adequate definition of disability further compound the task of accurately assessing the prevalence of disability. There are two government sources of nation wide disability statistic’s in India. The census and survey of national sample survey organization (NSSO) . The 58th round of national sample survey (NSS) reported there were 18.5 million persons with disabilities in 2002. NSS compared with 21.9 million reported by census of 2001 ( register general of India 2001. The census of 2001 did not adopt any particular  definition of disability, rather it included a functional  limitations questions that ask respondents their type of functional limitations question (e.g. seeing, hearing, movement). In cons tract the NSS considers a person disabled if he/ she has restrictions or lacks  the  ability to perform an activity in manner or within range considered normal for human being. The NSS thus defines disability as an activity limitation.
Since the independence of India in 1947, a charity and medical model of disability has informed policy making under aegis of welfare state. To date then models are deeply embedded in Indian society not withstanding contemporary studies that have addressed poverty and social stigma, until recently. Scio- political responses were focused mainly on medical intervention in the form of treatment and rehabilitation in the form of treatment to cure disease or problem( Addlakka & Mandel 2009 ) It was ground breaking persons with disability equal opportunities, protection of rights and full participation (PWD)Act 1995 that recognized the multi- faceted nature of disability and provided for education, employment, creation of barrier free environment, social security etc. The Act articulated seven major kinds of impairment blindness, low -vision, leprosy cured , hearing impaired, loco motors impaired, mental retardation and mental illness. Although the act is guided by philosophy of empowerment by addressing social attitudes, it is still perceived on there sold of physical and congestive impairments defined largely medical terms. This even though the discourse in India disability rights movements has advanced towards a social model, the policy environment remain” a hybrid between the medical and social models of disability( world bank2007).
Action that needs to be taken care by government
.Government to   allocate  sufficient funds in union budget for persons with  disability  and provide right kind of support to for giving opportunity disability persons to lead normal life  economically.
. Better educational facilities to disability persons.
. It is responsibility of society , government and private organizations and industrial management sector to give back some social rehabilitation service  to society by not terminating disability persons while the disability occurred while   during period  of employment instead utilize them in less skilled jobs.
. NGOs and social welfare organizations responsibility by appointing disability people in their organizations by allowing  to lead economically normal life.
. Government to protect middle aged persons suffering from disability normal course of life by providing alternative job instead of terminating them showing disability. Otherwise middle aged person  suffers economically and it becomes life and death for surviving in this society with burn den of looking after family members and their children education. 
. It is responsibility government to allocate certain funds and  implement programs as a provision for helping disabled persons. 

       
  
  

government initiates steps to meet budget target

Government initiates  steps to meet  budget targets

With an economic slow down looming large, the government is lining  up measures to enable it to stick to its budget  numbers and has asked ministries to refrain from new schemes, and stick to their approved spending plans and make sure that the projected revenues from oil and gas acreage  and telecoms spectrum keep tricking in.

A host of government officials that over last few days said  times news work that  the issue of fiscal deficit is being monitored from the top echelons and  every effort was being made to ensure that the tax collections targets, the planned dis investment of Rs 40,000 crore and spending plans are strictly adhered. Though oil prices are rising, officials said that the additional subsidy of nearly Rs 20,000 crore was possible given that there was more head room available in the budget. Unlike in the past, this year the government had provided Rs 23,640 crore in the budget to meet oil subsidy for this year. Though  a bulk of this was used to clear the dues for fourth quarter, the government could generate Rs 20,000 crore by way of savings from some ministries to meet the requirement for first three quarters ( April-December) . For fourth quarters of current fiscal, the provision would be made in budget for 2011-2012 an official said. A similar strategy would be adopted for fertilizer subsidy. “ if there is need, we will resort to slashing  spending under some heads” said a top finance  ministry official.

In case of taxes, especially indirect taxes, despite the slow down in growth, the government does not expect overall collections to be hit as it is only real growth ( which is net of inflation) which would be effected, in high inflation environment. The nominal growth rates remains high. “ Besides, with commodity prices, especially oil, remaining high customs duty collection would remain robust. In any case there are few signs of slowdown in collections at the movement “ another official said.

Officials further said that  the gross tax revenue is projected to rise 18.4 % which is much lower than historical average of over 25 % in pre -crisis phase.

india and infrasructure problems

India and infrastructure problems

India infrastructure present a bleak image due to lack of adequate planning and investment. Lack of infrastructure forces investors to China despite rising labor costs and declining government incentives.

If proper precautions are taken, however India holds as much potential as China did years ago and current lack infrastructure should be seen as a another hurdle to industrial growth in the country.

Preliminary assessment suggests that investment in infrastructure during 12th five year plan 2012-2017 would need to be order of about 1025 U.S. dollars to achieve a share of 9.95 percent proportion of G.D.P. 
According to planning commission. At least 50 percent investment should come from private sector. This amplifies public sector investment infrastructure  would increase from U.S. dollar 262.25 billion in eleventh  plan to around U.S. dollars 409.92 billion in twelfth five year plan. 

It has become  a tough task for getting loans from banks after scams for infrastructure projects. Finance minister created recently a infra debt fund to boost on going infrastructure projects to secure loans regularly .Plan to allow limit infrastructure bonds up to 25 billion dollars for entire infrastructure sector. This is the important step taken by finance minister for funding infrastructure projects .. This will solve the funding problem on entire sector up to a great extent.

But problems unending for promoters for developing infrastructure projects due to various reasons . 

The most common problem for all infrastructure  projects has been land acquisition. Land reforms have also not really taken off due to vested interests of politicians and developers.

The power  sector according power minister of India will miss its capacity addition for eleventh plan five year until end of March 2012 by 17%. India targeted increase power generation capacity 100,000 MW during 12th five year plan(2012-2017).reasons are many and include problems land acquisition , issues relating to coal supply and governmental approvals. Coal shortage has been big problem for India power sector despite the country, having one of world largest coal resources. Coal shortages  has been major problem for generation  as power is essential requirement of infrastructure projects.

Government  should invest with private promoters  partnership to build  quality roads to   build operate basis    and encouraging rail ways for building new and extending railways lines by electrifying  it and also  introduction of   high speed trains and this will help   possible faster movement of goods and equipment .

Locating new ports and building ports with super specialties berthing facilities to import and export of goods  for India business growth. Building bridges is essential for movement of men and materials.

Government and environmental ministry should   issue time bound  clearances  for completion  of infrastructure projects. Official to review and record once in month about progress made for issue clearances and reasons and also for delay in issue of environmental clearances.

Government and private promoter to  ensure  continuous flow of funds.

Proper review of progress of  infrastructure projects  by government officials including concern ministry planning commission officials and promoters for time bound completion of projects.

Air port authority of India Government to build airports and  operators of airlines provide   Air linkages between  two tier cities for effective movement of  people and representatives involved in infrastructure projects.

Government  to appoint rank of collector grade official for faster process of land acquisition of   delegating
Necessary powers
It is vital that infrastructure projects implementation are very important since government presented average growth 2011 -2012 as ( 9% G.D.P ) and determined to take India to select league of “ middle income countries”.




   . 
        

india infrastructure problems

India and infrastructure problems

India infrastructure present a bleak image due to lack of adequate planning and investment. Lack of infrastructure forces investors to China despite rising labor costs and declining government incentives.

If proper precautions are taken, however India holds as much potential as China did years ago and current lack infrastructure should be seen as a another hurdle to industrial growth in the country.

Preliminary assessment suggests that investment in infrastructure during 12th five year plan 2012-2017 would need to be order of about 1025 U.S. dollars to achieve a share of 9.95 percent proportion of G.D.P. 
According to planning commission. At least 50 percent investment should come from private sector. This amplifies public sector investment infrastructure  would increase from U.S. dollar 262.25 billion in eleventh  plan to around U.S. dollars 409.92 billion in twelfth five year plan. 

It has become  a tough task for getting loans from banks after scams for infrastructure projects. Finance minister created recently a infra debt fund to boost on going infrastructure projects to secure loans regularly .Plan to allow limit infrastructure bonds up to 25 billion dollars for entire infrastructure sector. This is the important step taken by finance minister for funding infrastructure projects .. This will solve the funding problem on entire sector up to a great extent.

But problems unending for promoters for developing infrastructure projects due to various reasons . 

The most common problem for all infrastructure  projects has been land acquisition. Land reforms have also not really taken off due to vested interests of politicians and developers.

The power  sector according power minister of India will miss its capacity addition for eleventh plan five year until end of March 2012 by 17%. India targeted increase power generation capacity 100,000 MW during 12th five year plan(2012-2017).reasons are many and include problems land acquisition , issues relating to coal supply and governmental approvals. Coal shortage has been big problem for India power sector despite the country, having one of world largest coal resources. Coal shortages  has been major problem for generation  as power is essential requirement of infrastructure projects.

Government  should invest with private promoters  partnership to build  quality roads to   build operate basis    and encouraging rail ways for building new and extending railways lines by electrifying  it and also  introduction of   high speed trains and this will help   possible faster movement of goods and equipment .

Locating new ports and building ports with super specialties berthing facilities to import and export of goods  for India business growth. Building bridges is essential for movement of men and materials.

Government and environmental ministry should   issue time bound  clearances  for completion  of infrastructure projects. Official to review and record once in month about progress made for issue clearances and reasons and also for delay in issue of environmental clearances.

Government and private promoter to  ensure  continuous flow of funds.

Proper review of progress of  infrastructure projects  by government officials including concern ministry planning commission officials and promoters for time bound completion of projects.

Air port authority of India Government to build airports and  operators of airlines provide   Air linkages between  two tier cities for effective movement of  people and representatives involved in infrastructure projects.

Government  to appoint rank of collector grade official for faster process of land acquisition of   delegating
Necessary powers
It is vital that infrastructure projects implementation are very important since government presented average growth 2011 -2012 as ( 9% G.D.P ) and determined to take India to select league of “ middle income countries”.




   . 
        

india export performance and achievements

India export performance and achievements

Performance of exports in 2010-11 has been remarkable achievement of Indian economy against target of 200 billion U.S. dollars but actual export turnover stood at over 245 billion U.S. dollars exceeding the target nearly 25 %

Actually except 2009-2010 when exports fell 4.7 percent during global economical crisis. Our exports have been doing well for quite sometime. Between 2003-2004 and 2008-2009 average annual export growth in dollar terms has been 23.4 % and exports nearly tripled from 63.8 billion dollars to 185. 2 billion dollars. And now we have reached 245 billion dollars, which together with imports makes a trade turnover of nearly 600 million dollars.

This can be reasonably projected as the emerge of India as  a major fast growing economy.

“ we can add some extra effort, and achieve average annual growth of 25 % we can exceed a turnover  600 billion dollars by 2014-2015 by exports alone. This will place India as major exporting nation or more significantly , major trading nation, with strong clout in global economy.

We may still have a negative trade balance, but that does not matter really. On contrarily our image as an economy with more than a trillion dollar trading interests, with open internal market, might actually be enhanced.

For a large trading nation, we could be, trade deficient is not matter of concern really, as long as capital inflows, I presume are positively co-related. For the present we need not bother about balance of trade not at least till our current account position is comfortable.

For purpose of maintaining comfortable current account balance, I feel it is important for us to ensure steady high growth in export services. A surplus on the invisible account on merchandise account.

What we need to appreciate at the moment is the  fact that finally Indian exports have  come of age and broken the barriers to entry into global markets. Now we are in high league of exporting nations.

This we have been able to achieve  it may be mentioned, without pursuing East Asian type led growth model wherein governments were highly aggressive  on  exports defense on imports. We on contrarily have perused a strategy of export push while opening our domestic market to global competition . It has been a perfect working of globalization that allowed free mingling of competitive forces within the domestic economy.

The current export success has vindicated the benefits of trade liberalization. It is with established that trade liberalization helps in pushing exports one hand and strengthening the domestic economy on the other. For us India this has been perfect experiment with globalization as a vehicle for export promotion.

One more aspect of our export performance is that quite different from the case in china, foreign direct investment (FDI) has played little or no role in developing export sector. There have been hardly and FDI flows in our export sector, though we have our version of SEZ and FTZ. It is only recently that we are beginning  to see surge in exports from FTZ and 100% export oriented industry (EOQ) but observed surge is more due to new generation entrepreneurs.

Further unlike in many emerging market economies export success has been achieved without India participating in game of exchange rate manipulation. On contrary India’s exports have grown in spite of some significant appreciation of rupee vis a vis dollar since 2002-03 when average exchange rate was Rs 48.40 to a dollar against average Rs 45.50 in 2010-11. Certainly our exports have found  a way out of a situation of volatility in exchange rate movement.

As this stage one can recall with  some satisfaction how in the  aftermath liberalization policies the Indian industry  had undergone total restructuring and re organization  but only to come up stronger and return as global players.

The export success has much to do with that resurgence of Indian industry subsequent to liberalization. This very well reflected in changing composition of our export basket where some high value non trad able items such as petrochemicals , pharmaceuticals, chemicals automobiles and so as are leading export growth.

In some traditional sectors  as well, like textiles and garments, gems, and jewelery , there has been a significant increase in competitiveness and surge of confidence in exporting community that has  mastered the art of global net working. Traditional items, there has been a noticeable up word shift across market segment.  This product diversification has been yet another driving force behind the resurgence of exports.

Finally one  must talk of one more driving force at work, and  that is where one has to give full credit to government. Initially  a lot of concern and anxieties in our minds about implication bilateral free trade agreements (FTAs) and there was some opposition as well. It was for government to take lead and push for several FTAs with countries , it would help diversification of export markets in an patented way. Without such bilateral FTAs, it would have been difficult for India to its export markets. Today our exports are no longer dependent on few advanced  markets only, and are poised to perform even after being subjected to global economic shakes.

With government steering the course on trade and economic relationships with our partners a new relationships has emerged  with the industry which is benefiting our country..      

government should prioritize funds priority sectors

Government  should prioritize funds   for spending priority sectors  for improvement of gross domestic product

India investing millions towards higher education and need to double its education in budget to improve  employment conditions in India. India’s improved education system often cited as one of main contributors to economic rise of India. Much of progress  specially higher education scientific research has been credited to various public institutions. The private education in India merely 5 % in terms of value expected is estimated to be worth 40 billion dollars in 2008 and will increase 68 billion dollars by 2012.
.

Employment generation is the important obligation of government. Present minimum salary ordinary graduate  draw from private sector  employer is of RS 10,000per month . The salary depend upon different areas in country. Only engineering graduate will draw a salary of 30,000 initially from information & technology  sector depend upon his skills. Presently I& T  sectors are paying maximum salaries up to their employees about Rs  10,00000 above and attracting maximum talented computer science engineers  Whereas 11M  MBA graduates passed out from reputed institutes draws salary ranging from RS 50000 -10,000 00 per month depending on grades and his experience and skills.

MBA graduates passed from ordinary university get salary of Rs 20,000 per month that too  without job security in private sector who want accountability of job from day of joining . Unless MBA or engineering graduate is to be trained and allowed pursue job goals 2 to 3 years it is not wise simply terminating graduates and MBAs without giving exposure to technology and market.

Government should invest in rural housing, and irrigation projects and improve conditions rural farmers who depend on agriculture and horticulture products for better living conditions economically.

Liberalized loans  issuing for setting up small and medium industries at low interest rates ’including loans special category like solar power and wind power for reducing global gas emissions.

The process of globalization of Indian economy is irreversible and opening of Indian economy has to be managed in manner so as to derive maximum benefits from world markets . The process should be strengthen the potential industries to compete efficiently in world markets including increasing volume of sales.

Export,  agriculture and G.D.P 

India shipped 245.9 billion dollars of goods to other countries during year 2010-2011.This is best export performance of India so far.

If you look agriculture sector and allied sectors showed a marked improvement by registering 6.6. Percent growth in 2010-2011 against 0.4 percent in previous fiscal helped by record food grain production of 235.88 million tons.

The country’s economy expanded 7.8 % in January -March quarter its slowest pace in five quarters as industrial and manufacturing sector growth moderated due to rising interest rates which effected demand

Growth for the year 2010-2011 fiscal year stood at 8.5%  a shade below the government previous estimate of 8.6%. The 7.8 % growth in January -March  quarter  was lower than the 8.3 % in previous quarter


To improve employment opportunities to unemployed government should heavily invest in developing  infrastructure for power generation , roads , railway lines , bridges  which essential for industrial development.

We read  in news paper   that Reliance industries M.D. Mukesh Ambani constructed house in Mumbai by spending un hefty amount for his personnel comfort . Is this expenditure  is justified when people in Mumbai sleeps in pavements without food ? Even  I see families of  poor without even ration card or a shelter and eagerly waiting where to get their next meal. 

Some details about education

Even  in 2008 India produced  3.5 lakhs ( 350 thousand ) engineers. However raw numbers don’t tell entire story. When it comes to number engineers per million people, they are 214  engineers in India, compared 1435 in South Korea and 765 in Japan. Of course this not at tall surprising given that percentage of secondary and higher secondary pass outs in India is also significantly lower than in other developed nations. The real worrying statistics is that  the event the event after one year graduation 30 percent engineers in India remains un employment. According  to Wall Street journal 75 % technical graduates and more than 85 % general graduates un employable by India in high growth-global industries-this situation is so dire that leading IT services companies like Tata consultancy services, Infosys and Wipro have been forced to extend their initial training program for freshers in order to impart basic skills required on the job.

While pinning on the state of engineering  India most  pundits have ripped apart Indian education system. Right from gross root level Indian education system ignores all key facets of engineering expertise , curiosity, learning by experimental and problem solving. The explosion in the number of colleges handling B.Tech   degrees have resulted in dire shortage of qualified teachers.

However , the poor quality of education is not the sole reason for current situation in India . The driving factor is attitude of society. While U.S. students are comfortable taking up courses  Humanities and social studies, communication and media arts in India, more students are forced to believe to  real career option before these are to become doctor or engineer. In turn number of people joining in engineering. This increase in demand  of colleges has lead to increasing  in number of colleges, which in turn has lead to the lowering of bar. It is lure of an offer from TCS, Infosys  than  the attraction of building some thing motivates engineering students in India.

Literacy in India

Literacy in India is key for socio economic progress and India literacy rate grew to 74.04% from 12 % in the end of English rule in 1947. There is wide spread disparity in literacy in India. Effective literacy rate in 2011 were 82.14 % for men and 65.46 % for women  . The low female literacy rate has had  drastically negative impact on family planning and population stabilization efforts in India. This effects their employment opportunities

 Poverty in India

There has been no uniform measure of poverty in India. The planning commission  of India  has accepted the Tendulkar committee report which says that 37 % of people in India live below poverty line.

The Arjun Sen. Gupta report states that  77 % Indian live on less than RS 20 a day about 0.5 dollar per day while N.C. Saxena committee  reports  states that 50 %  of Indian  live below poverty line.

Since 1950, the Indian governments  and non governmental organizations have initiated several program to alleviate poverty, including subsidizing food and other necessities increased to loans ( education), improving agriculture techniques and price supports, and promoting education family planning. These measures have helped to eliminate famines cut poverty lines by more than half, and reduced illiteracy and malnutrition.

What are avenues before  government for improving G.D.P. by providing employment  opportunities and improving average conditions of people in India.
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. Provision of rural employment  land less poor who are dependent on agriculture . This program is under implementation in states.

.. Provision of jobs young untrained graduates while opening the retail sector to foreign investors and create retail jobs in super markets and big malls.

.. Marketing rural forest grown products from Geri Jan  co-operative societies  and allot forest land  to poor landless Geri Jan  youth by education them about marketing strategies.

  .. Encourage medical graduates to start self supported medical care centers in rural areas. Experienced NRI doctors  to set up super specialties hospital with government  and private participation. 

.. Liberalized loans  for engineers  to set up small and medium units with  sophisticated imported or indigenous technology liberally at low interest to meet competition global markets.

.. Improving already opened telecoms sector for creation of employment.

.. Construction of HVDC transmission lines and distribution  lines and completion of rural electrification projects which will  reduce transmission and distribution losses and also provide employment to engineers and technicians. India aims to generate 100,000 MW of power during next five year  plan period starting 2012. The power is essential  in venturing or starting more industries in India and also for overall growth of country.

.. Opening up all mines Aluminum, Copper, uranium, iron ore , coal ,zinc .lignite  and allow import and export and also essential requirement for our indigenous industries starting mining and refining  of  metal and also for  creating value added products and while  creating employment for  most qualified engineers to aware and under stand latest global technology methods and to improve Indian industry. 

.. Setting up most modern 111 stage nuclear reactors with French U.S. and Japan co-operation which will help importing light water reactors for reducing global warming on earth. 

.. Solar , wind power generation to be taken up large scale for reducing emissions of global house gases
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. Educational loans engineers and scientists for educating themselves   in abroad to acquire latest modern technologies like in space, missiles  Aero ,medical and also about  expertise about latest military equipments and also about special latest sophisticated weapons and ammunition.
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. Encourage engineers to develop import substitution products which will improve exports . Exports to be doubled  from 245.9 billion dollars which will improve  our gross domestic product.

.. Cotton industries to be set up in large scale to help farmers to get minimum support price, . An addition hand loom artisans will benefit if government provides loans to them for running their hand looms. 
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.Defense sector need qualified engineers to develop components and equipment for our military equipment .presently most of equipment is being imported since India has not having  expertise for manufacturing these equipment.. Defense sector will be a big scope for young entrepreneurs to work with and take challenges for technology development for import substitution.    . 
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