Disability, privatization India economic reforms international development
WHO and world organizations on 9-6-2011 revealed new global estimates that more than one billion people experience some form of disability. They urged governments to step up efforts to enable access to main steam services and to invest in specialized programs to unlock the vast potential of people with disabilities. The first ever world report on disability, produced jointly WHO and world bank, suggests that more than a billion people in the world today experience disability.
People with disabilities have generally poor health, lower educational achievement, fewer opportunities and higher rates of poverty than people without disabilities. This largely due to lack services available to them and many obstacles they face in their everyday lives. The report provides the best available evidence about what works to over come barriers to health care, rehabilitation, education, employment, and support services, and to create the environments which will enable people with disabilities to flourish. The report ends with a concrete set of recommended actions for governments and their partners
The pioneering world report on disability will make a significant contribution to implementation of convention on rights persons with disability.
At the intersection of public health, human rights and developments report is set to become a “must have” resources for policy makers, service providers, professional and advocates for people with disabilities and their families.
India lacks effective financing for disabled people.
Millions of disabled people in India drawn from poorest sections of society receive pittance from governments social welfare budget as compared to billion of rupees granted to cricket and corporate sector though generous fiscal sops , a report.
In India 2005-2006 the spending on welfare of people with disabilities-which focused on support national disability institutions, non-governmental organization providing services and spending on assisted device-represented 0.05 percent of ministry of social justice and welfare allocations, PTI reported quoting the new report jointly released on Friday by world health organization and the world bank.
The lack of effective financing for support or its distribution within a country -is a major obstacle to sustainable services says report on “ world disability “ .
It said that India which grants billions of rupees to cricket and corporate sector through generous fiscal sops, has a huge number of disabled people to invest sufficient funding and expertise to unlock their vast potential.
“ More than one billion people are estimated to live with some form of disability” the report says calling on governments to scale up the assistance for disabled people so to provide access to main steam services and unlock the vast potential. Consequently , the disabled people have lower educational achievements, reduced economic perspiration, higher rate of poverty , and increased dependency and restricted participation.
“We must do more to break the barriers which segregate people with disabilities, in many cases forcing them to the margins of society” said Margaret Chan WHO director general .
Part of problem in India , says the report, is lack of co-ordination between different NGOs or agencies that serve different groups of impaired people.
It says the national trust , Act which created due to sustain campaign for the rights disabled people has produced collaboration among a range of NGOs.
However the governments has to do much more in term of tackling several disabilities , particularly leprosy as home to 2/3rd of worlds people effected by leprosy .
Besides ,India has the highest number of people suffering from non- communicable chronic diseases, mental dis orders , cancer, and respiratory illness that profound effect on disability.
“We have a moral duty to remove barriers to participate for people with disability, and to invest sufficient funding and expertise to unlock that vast potential “ says Prof. Stephen Hawking renowned theoretical physicist who suffers from major disability.
Disability , privatization , India economic reforms , international development.
People with disabilities are one of most disenfranchised groups in India. Standardized measurements of disability in India and internationally have over looked the linkages between economy and disability. In recent decades, neo- liberal economic reforms imposed in developing countries, under pressure from international financial institutions, have downsized state role, privatized social goods, and encouraged export -led strategies and market based economic. India economic reforms, initiated 1991, have led rapid economic growth, that is however increasing Mal-distributed.
This paper investigates the implications of economic restructuring in area of social programs, education, employment accessibility health, agriculture and food security and water and land acquisition from disability perspective. Our analysis shows that while increased employment opportunities and accessibility have benefited middle class and highly skilled disabled persons, majority of people with disabilities have left out of Indian economic affluence. We contend that India globalized economy and reduced state role necessitate renewed understandings of human rights, including disability rights.
Introduction
Recent estimates suggests 85-90 % of global population of persons with disability reside in so called developing countries. The united nation estimated that more than 1.3 billion people live in object poverty in global south, 600 million of which are disabled ( Yeo 2005). This majority people with disabilities in south are not only poor, but they are among the poorest of poor. In India there are no clear estimates of the number people with disabilities. Concern persist that given the stigma surrounding disability, may individual with severe impairments, mainly women and rural disabled are excluded from census and surveys (Jeffrey& Sugal 2008).
Moreover large scale government studies as well as most small scale research in India has over looked the impact of economic globalization in the form of changing roles of state and market on the lives of people with disabilities. The hype about India’s recent economic growth of secures the livid realities of spiraling in equality, the declining welfare of state, and growing misery of poor.
As states with draws from service sector access basic necessities such as education, health employment , food and water security has become increasingly difficult for vulnerable populations ( Bahadur 2008) little critical analysis of economic globalization and privatization exists from disability rights perspective.
Measuring disability in India
Estimating the prevalence of disability in India has been hampered by complex and multitudinous factors . Deep seated social stigma results in the exclusion and invisibility of individuals with disability. The lack of adequate definition of disability further compound the task of accurately assessing the prevalence of disability. There are two government sources of nation wide disability statistic’s in India. The census and survey of national sample survey organization (NSSO) . The 58th round of national sample survey (NSS) reported there were 18.5 million persons with disabilities in 2002. NSS compared with 21.9 million reported by census of 2001 ( register general of India 2001. The census of 2001 did not adopt any particular definition of disability, rather it included a functional limitations questions that ask respondents their type of functional limitations question (e.g. seeing, hearing, movement). In cons tract the NSS considers a person disabled if he/ she has restrictions or lacks the ability to perform an activity in manner or within range considered normal for human being. The NSS thus defines disability as an activity limitation.
Since the independence of India in 1947, a charity and medical model of disability has informed policy making under aegis of welfare state. To date then models are deeply embedded in Indian society not withstanding contemporary studies that have addressed poverty and social stigma, until recently. Scio- political responses were focused mainly on medical intervention in the form of treatment and rehabilitation in the form of treatment to cure disease or problem( Addlakka & Mandel 2009 ) It was ground breaking persons with disability equal opportunities, protection of rights and full participation (PWD)Act 1995 that recognized the multi- faceted nature of disability and provided for education, employment, creation of barrier free environment, social security etc. The Act articulated seven major kinds of impairment blindness, low -vision, leprosy cured , hearing impaired, loco motors impaired, mental retardation and mental illness. Although the act is guided by philosophy of empowerment by addressing social attitudes, it is still perceived on there sold of physical and congestive impairments defined largely medical terms. This even though the discourse in India disability rights movements has advanced towards a social model, the policy environment remain” a hybrid between the medical and social models of disability( world bank2007).
Action that needs to be taken care by government
.Government to allocate sufficient funds in union budget for persons with disability and provide right kind of support to for giving opportunity disability persons to lead normal life economically.
. Better educational facilities to disability persons.
. It is responsibility of society , government and private organizations and industrial management sector to give back some social rehabilitation service to society by not terminating disability persons while the disability occurred while during period of employment instead utilize them in less skilled jobs.
. NGOs and social welfare organizations responsibility by appointing disability people in their organizations by allowing to lead economically normal life.
. Government to protect middle aged persons suffering from disability normal course of life by providing alternative job instead of terminating them showing disability. Otherwise middle aged person suffers economically and it becomes life and death for surviving in this society with burn den of looking after family members and their children education.
. It is responsibility government to allocate certain funds and implement programs as a provision for helping disabled persons.
WHO and world organizations on 9-6-2011 revealed new global estimates that more than one billion people experience some form of disability. They urged governments to step up efforts to enable access to main steam services and to invest in specialized programs to unlock the vast potential of people with disabilities. The first ever world report on disability, produced jointly WHO and world bank, suggests that more than a billion people in the world today experience disability.
People with disabilities have generally poor health, lower educational achievement, fewer opportunities and higher rates of poverty than people without disabilities. This largely due to lack services available to them and many obstacles they face in their everyday lives. The report provides the best available evidence about what works to over come barriers to health care, rehabilitation, education, employment, and support services, and to create the environments which will enable people with disabilities to flourish. The report ends with a concrete set of recommended actions for governments and their partners
The pioneering world report on disability will make a significant contribution to implementation of convention on rights persons with disability.
At the intersection of public health, human rights and developments report is set to become a “must have” resources for policy makers, service providers, professional and advocates for people with disabilities and their families.
India lacks effective financing for disabled people.
Millions of disabled people in India drawn from poorest sections of society receive pittance from governments social welfare budget as compared to billion of rupees granted to cricket and corporate sector though generous fiscal sops , a report.
In India 2005-2006 the spending on welfare of people with disabilities-which focused on support national disability institutions, non-governmental organization providing services and spending on assisted device-represented 0.05 percent of ministry of social justice and welfare allocations, PTI reported quoting the new report jointly released on Friday by world health organization and the world bank.
The lack of effective financing for support or its distribution within a country -is a major obstacle to sustainable services says report on “ world disability “ .
It said that India which grants billions of rupees to cricket and corporate sector through generous fiscal sops, has a huge number of disabled people to invest sufficient funding and expertise to unlock their vast potential.
“ More than one billion people are estimated to live with some form of disability” the report says calling on governments to scale up the assistance for disabled people so to provide access to main steam services and unlock the vast potential. Consequently , the disabled people have lower educational achievements, reduced economic perspiration, higher rate of poverty , and increased dependency and restricted participation.
“We must do more to break the barriers which segregate people with disabilities, in many cases forcing them to the margins of society” said Margaret Chan WHO director general .
Part of problem in India , says the report, is lack of co-ordination between different NGOs or agencies that serve different groups of impaired people.
It says the national trust , Act which created due to sustain campaign for the rights disabled people has produced collaboration among a range of NGOs.
However the governments has to do much more in term of tackling several disabilities , particularly leprosy as home to 2/3rd of worlds people effected by leprosy .
Besides ,India has the highest number of people suffering from non- communicable chronic diseases, mental dis orders , cancer, and respiratory illness that profound effect on disability.
“We have a moral duty to remove barriers to participate for people with disability, and to invest sufficient funding and expertise to unlock that vast potential “ says Prof. Stephen Hawking renowned theoretical physicist who suffers from major disability.
Disability , privatization , India economic reforms , international development.
People with disabilities are one of most disenfranchised groups in India. Standardized measurements of disability in India and internationally have over looked the linkages between economy and disability. In recent decades, neo- liberal economic reforms imposed in developing countries, under pressure from international financial institutions, have downsized state role, privatized social goods, and encouraged export -led strategies and market based economic. India economic reforms, initiated 1991, have led rapid economic growth, that is however increasing Mal-distributed.
This paper investigates the implications of economic restructuring in area of social programs, education, employment accessibility health, agriculture and food security and water and land acquisition from disability perspective. Our analysis shows that while increased employment opportunities and accessibility have benefited middle class and highly skilled disabled persons, majority of people with disabilities have left out of Indian economic affluence. We contend that India globalized economy and reduced state role necessitate renewed understandings of human rights, including disability rights.
Introduction
Recent estimates suggests 85-90 % of global population of persons with disability reside in so called developing countries. The united nation estimated that more than 1.3 billion people live in object poverty in global south, 600 million of which are disabled ( Yeo 2005). This majority people with disabilities in south are not only poor, but they are among the poorest of poor. In India there are no clear estimates of the number people with disabilities. Concern persist that given the stigma surrounding disability, may individual with severe impairments, mainly women and rural disabled are excluded from census and surveys (Jeffrey& Sugal 2008).
Moreover large scale government studies as well as most small scale research in India has over looked the impact of economic globalization in the form of changing roles of state and market on the lives of people with disabilities. The hype about India’s recent economic growth of secures the livid realities of spiraling in equality, the declining welfare of state, and growing misery of poor.
As states with draws from service sector access basic necessities such as education, health employment , food and water security has become increasingly difficult for vulnerable populations ( Bahadur 2008) little critical analysis of economic globalization and privatization exists from disability rights perspective.
Measuring disability in India
Estimating the prevalence of disability in India has been hampered by complex and multitudinous factors . Deep seated social stigma results in the exclusion and invisibility of individuals with disability. The lack of adequate definition of disability further compound the task of accurately assessing the prevalence of disability. There are two government sources of nation wide disability statistic’s in India. The census and survey of national sample survey organization (NSSO) . The 58th round of national sample survey (NSS) reported there were 18.5 million persons with disabilities in 2002. NSS compared with 21.9 million reported by census of 2001 ( register general of India 2001. The census of 2001 did not adopt any particular definition of disability, rather it included a functional limitations questions that ask respondents their type of functional limitations question (e.g. seeing, hearing, movement). In cons tract the NSS considers a person disabled if he/ she has restrictions or lacks the ability to perform an activity in manner or within range considered normal for human being. The NSS thus defines disability as an activity limitation.
Since the independence of India in 1947, a charity and medical model of disability has informed policy making under aegis of welfare state. To date then models are deeply embedded in Indian society not withstanding contemporary studies that have addressed poverty and social stigma, until recently. Scio- political responses were focused mainly on medical intervention in the form of treatment and rehabilitation in the form of treatment to cure disease or problem( Addlakka & Mandel 2009 ) It was ground breaking persons with disability equal opportunities, protection of rights and full participation (PWD)Act 1995 that recognized the multi- faceted nature of disability and provided for education, employment, creation of barrier free environment, social security etc. The Act articulated seven major kinds of impairment blindness, low -vision, leprosy cured , hearing impaired, loco motors impaired, mental retardation and mental illness. Although the act is guided by philosophy of empowerment by addressing social attitudes, it is still perceived on there sold of physical and congestive impairments defined largely medical terms. This even though the discourse in India disability rights movements has advanced towards a social model, the policy environment remain” a hybrid between the medical and social models of disability( world bank2007).
Action that needs to be taken care by government
.Government to allocate sufficient funds in union budget for persons with disability and provide right kind of support to for giving opportunity disability persons to lead normal life economically.
. Better educational facilities to disability persons.
. It is responsibility of society , government and private organizations and industrial management sector to give back some social rehabilitation service to society by not terminating disability persons while the disability occurred while during period of employment instead utilize them in less skilled jobs.
. NGOs and social welfare organizations responsibility by appointing disability people in their organizations by allowing to lead economically normal life.
. Government to protect middle aged persons suffering from disability normal course of life by providing alternative job instead of terminating them showing disability. Otherwise middle aged person suffers economically and it becomes life and death for surviving in this society with burn den of looking after family members and their children education.
. It is responsibility government to allocate certain funds and implement programs as a provision for helping disabled persons.
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